Categories in the Cognitive Domain: (with Outcome-Illustrating Verbs)

1. Knowledge of terminology; specific facts; ways and means of dealing with specifics (conventions, trends and sequences, classifications and categories, criteria, methodology); universals and abstractions in a field (principles and generalizations, theories and structures):
   Knowledge is (here) defined as the remembering (recalling) of appropriate, previously learned information.
   • defines; describes; enumerates; identifies; labels; lists; matches; names; reads; records; reproduces; selects; states; views.

2. Comprehension: Grasping (understanding) the meaning of informational materials.
   • classifies; cites; converts; describes; discusses; estimates; explains; generalizes; gives examples; makes sense out of; paraphrases; restates (in own words); summarizes; traces; understands.

3. Application: The use of previously learned information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers.
   • acts; administers; articulates; assesses; charts; collects; computes; constructs; contributes; controls; determines; develops; discovers; establishes; extends; implements; includes; informs; instructs; operationalizes; participates; predicts; prepares; preserves; produces; projects; provides; relates; reports; shows; solves; teaches; transfers; uses; utilizes.

4. Analysis: The breaking down of informational materials into their component parts, examining (and trying to understand the organizational structure of) such information to develop divergent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and/or finding evidence to support generalizations.
   • breaks down; correlates; diagrams; differentiates; discriminates; distinguishes; focuses; illustrates; infers; limits; outlines; points out; prioritizes; recognizes; separates; subdivides.

5. Synthesis: Creatively or divergently applying prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole.
   • adapts; anticipates; categorizes; collaborates; combines; communicates; compares; compiles; composes; contrasts; creates; designs; devises; expresses; facilitates; formulates; generates; incorporates; individualizes; initiates; integrates; intervenes; models; modifies; negotiates; plans; progresses; rearranges; reconstructs; reinforces; reorganizes; revises; structures; substitutes; validates.

6. Evaluation: Judging the value of material based on personal values/opinions, resulting in an end product, with a given purpose, without real right or wrong answers.
   • appraises; compares & contrasts; concludes; criticizes; critiques; decides; defends; interprets; judges; justifies; reframes; supports.

Other Domains for Educational Objectives:

• Affective Domain (emphasizing feeling and emotion)
• Psychomotor Domain (concerned with motor skills)

Internet Resources:

• Bloom's Taxonomy [www.corrosion-doctors.org/Training/Bloom.htm]

  "Following the 1948 Convention of the American Psychological Association, B.S. Bloom took a lead in formulating a classification of "the goals of the educational process". Three "domains" of educational activities were identified...."

• Bloom's Taxonomy [DLRN Technology Resource Guide, Chapter 4; www.wested.org/tie/dlrn/blooms.html]

  In 1956, Benjamin Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important in learning. This became a taxonomy including three overlapping domains; the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. Each of the domains can be utilized through the interaction of media.

• Bloom's Taxonomy [www.coun.uvic.ca/learn/program/hndouts/bloom.html]

  Benjamin Bloom created this taxonomy for categorizing level of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. The taxonomy provides a useful structure in which to categorize test questions..."

• Skills for each of the six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy [Counselling Services - University of Victoria] [www.coun.uvic.ca/learn/program/hndouts/bloom.html]

• Bloom et al.'s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain (Bill Huitt) [www.valdosta.peachnet.edu/~whuitt/psy702/cogsys/bloom.html]
  • Writing Behavioral Objectives
  • Critical Thinking
  • EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY RESOURCES

• Kizlik, Robert -- Examples of Behavioral Verbs and Student Activities -- Definitions of Behavioral Verbs -- Writing Behavioral Objectives

• BLOOM'S TAXONOMY (Miller, WSU) [www.che.wsu.edu/~millerrc/bloom.html]

• Overview [www.ceap.wcu.edu/Houghton/Learner/think/bloomsTaxonomy.html]

  "One of the more frustrating aspects of this taxonomy is its forgotten attribution to the rest of the team. Bloom was the first name listed in alphabetical order of multiple editors, so many that they became the ubiquitous "and others" of a taxonomy that was developed by a committee of people."

• Student Learning Outcomes: Recommended Reading [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~assess/slo.htm]

• MCQs and Bloom's Taxonomy [Cape Town, SA: UCT's page on Designing and Managing Multiple Choice Questions; www.uct.ac.za/projects/cbe/mcqman/mcqappc.html]

• Curriculum Development & Evaluation (under construction)

• Other Sites:
  • Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database (Taxonomy)
  • Bloom's Taxonomy [The Teaching and Educational Development Institute]
  • Bloom Resources
  • http://www.reach.ucf.edu/~acg4401/Handouts/blooms.htm
  • http://www.stedwards.edu/cte/bloomtax.htm
  • http://www.aphs.sa.edu.au/soc_env/skills/bloom.html
  • http://its.foxvalley.tec.wi.us/iss/curric-assessment/COLUMN.html
  • http://www-ee.eng.hawaii.edu/~tep/EE367/Coop/bloom.html
  • http://www.utexas.edu/student/lsc/handouts/1414.html
  • http://www.cityu.edu/facultystaff/teachingtips.asp [Teaching Tips, City University (Bellevue, WA)]
  • Guide to Theories of Learning
  • Internet Resources for Higher Education Outcomes Assessment [http://www2.acs.ncsu.edu/UPA/assmt/resource.htm]

Literature:

Anderson, L. & Krathwohl, D. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman, 2001.

Extensive Online Bloom Bibliography

Bloom Benjamin S. and David R. Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, by a committee of college and university examiners. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York, Longmans, Green, 1956.

Bloom, Robert S., Stating Educational Objectives in Behavioral Terms, Nursing Forum 14(1), 1975, 31-42.

Gronlund, Norman E., Stating Behavioral Objectives for Classroom Instruction. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

Harrow, A., A Taxonomy of the Psychomotor Domain. A guide for Developing Behavioral Objectives. New York: McKay, 1972.

Jonassen, D., W. Hannum, and M. Tessmer, "Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives." Chapt. 12 of Handbook of Task Analysis Procedures. New York: Praeger 1989.

Krathwohl, David R., Benjamin S. Bloom, and Bertram B. Masia, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1964.

Francis P Hunkins (UW), Teaching Thinking Through Effective Questioning (1989), and others.

"How to write learning outcomes", by Alan Jenkins (Oxford Brookes University) & Dave Unwin (Birkbeck College London)

• "Learning outcomes are statements of what is expected that a student will be able to DO as a result of a learning activity. For this new version of the Core Curriculum the activity will be following your materials on WWW or listening to a lecture based on them, but it could also be a laboratory class, even an entire study programme."